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Physics
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:
When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
AVOGADRO’s LAW:
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
BLACK BODY RADIATION:
A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.
BOILING POINT:
It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY:
A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body.
COULOMB’S LAW:
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.
FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.
LENZ’S LAW:
When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.
MASS – ENERGY EQUATION:
E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass ‘m’, c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.
NEWTON‘S LAW OF COOLING:
The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large.
NEWTON‘S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
NEWTON‘S LAWS OF MOTION:
Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].
The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
OHM’S LAW:
The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.
RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.
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Goegraphy
ANTIPODES:
A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth.
ANTICYCLONES:
Winds which blow outward from the center.
APHELION :
Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun.
ARCHIPELAGO :
A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama.
AVALANCHE:
A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones.
CANYON:
A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA..
CONTINENTAL SHELF:
Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea.
DATE LINE:
An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed.
DELTA:
Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta.
EQUINOXES:
The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.
FOG:
When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles.
FROST:
When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature.
HIGH SEAS:
The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations.
LOCAL TIME:
Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN:
Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST:
It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
PYGMALLION POINT:
The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
SIDEREAL DAY:
Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SPRING TIDES:
Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDES:
Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other.
TUNDRAS:
Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON:
Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WESTERLIES:
Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.
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Social Science
APARTHEID :
Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government.
ADJOURNMENT:
A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance.
AUTONOMY:
Power to control internal affairs.
BILATERAL AGREEMENT:
An agreement between two countries.
BUFFER STATE:
A small neutral state between two big states.
BY-ELECTION:
A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.
ENVOY:
A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador.
FLOOR CROSSING:
The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.
FRANCHISE:
Right to cast vote in the public elections.
GENOCIDE:
Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.
GHERAO:
Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands.
HABEAS CORPUS:
A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person.
HOT LINE:
A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963.
PERSONALITY CULT:
Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.
SECULARISM:
Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions.
SOCIALISM:
Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State.
VETO:
Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.
